Cervical Carcinoma (Risk Factors, Staging, Treatment) MCQs

Obstetrics & Gynaecology · 152 free questions with answers & explanations.

A 38-year-old woman presents with post-coital bleeding for 4 months. Speculum examination reveals a friable, exophytic cervical lesion measuring 5 cm. Biopsy confirms squamous cell carcinoma. MRI pelvis shows parametrial invasion bilaterally without reaching the pelvic sidewall. Bladder and rectum are uninvolved. What is the FIGO 2018 stage?
Which HPV types are MOST commonly implicated in cervical carcinoma, and what is the mechanism by which they cause malignant transformation?
A 28-year-old woman has a Pap smear showing HSIL (CIN 2-3). Colposcopy is performed with satisfactory examination revealing a lesion entirely within the transformation zone. Biopsy confirms CIN 3. She desires future fertility. What is the MOST appropriate treatment?
A 34-year-old woman is diagnosed with Stage IB1 cervical squamous cell carcinoma (tumor 2.5 cm, confined to cervix). She has no desire for future fertility. Which is the STANDARD surgical treatment?
A 38-year-old woman has FIGO Stage IB2 squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (tumor >4 cm confined to cervix). She desires future fertility. Which statement is MOST accurate regarding her management options?
On colposcopy of a patient with high-grade CIN3, the transformation zone (TZ) is not fully visualized as it extends into the endocervical canal. Directed biopsy confirms CIN3. What is the PREFERRED treatment modality?
A 45-year-old woman is diagnosed with cervical carcinoma Stage IIIB (hydronephrosis and non-functioning kidney due to ureteric involvement). Which of the following statements about her staging and treatment is CORRECT?
A 26-year-old woman tested positive for high-risk HPV type 16 on routine cervical screening. Colposcopy reveals a dense acetowhite lesion at the TZ with coarse punctation. Biopsy confirms CIN2. She is nulliparous. What is the CURRENT guideline-recommended management?
Under FIGO 2018 revised staging for cervical cancer, a patient has a 4.2 cm cervical tumor with MRI demonstrating parametrial involvement. Pelvic nodes show a 12 mm node with central necrosis. What is the FIGO 2018 stage?
The oncogenic mechanism by which HPV E6 protein drives carcinogenesis in cervical epithelium is most accurately described as:
A 40-year-old woman is found to have CIN 3 on colposcopy-directed biopsy. She has completed her family. Which treatment has the BEST excision margin assessment and lowest recurrence rate?
In the management of locally advanced cervical cancer (Stage IIB-IVA), the addition of concurrent cisplatin to external beam radiotherapy followed by brachytherapy is supported by multiple randomized trials. What is the proposed mechanism of cisplatin radiosensitization?
The FIGO 2018 revised staging of cervical carcinoma made a paradigm shift by incorporating imaging findings for the first time. Which is the specific addition that changed Stage IIIC classification?
A 42-year-old woman with FIGO 2018 Stage IB2 cervical squamous cell carcinoma (4.5 cm tumour confined to cervix, no lymph node involvement on imaging) is being counselled. According to LACC trial data published in 2018, which surgical approach is now discouraged as primary treatment?
A 35-year-old woman with CIN 3 is found on colposcopy to have a lesion extending into the endocervical canal that is not fully visualised. Endocervical curettage (ECC) is positive. What is the preferred treatment option?
In women with locally advanced cervical cancer (Stage IIB–IVA) treated with concurrent chemoradiation, which chemotherapy regimen is the current standard of care and what is its mechanism of radiosensitisation?
According to FIGO 2018 staging of cervical cancer, a patient with an 8 cm cervical tumour invading the lower third of vagina and confirmed lymph node metastasis on MRI is staged as:
The KEYNOTE-826 trial established the role of pembrolizumab in cervical cancer. In which population and setting did it show a statistically significant improvement in overall survival?
A 30-year-old woman with Stage IB1 (FIGO 2018; tumour 2.5 cm) cervical squamous cell carcinoma wishes to preserve fertility. She has no lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) and negative sentinel nodes on intraoperative assessment. The MOST appropriate fertility-sparing surgery is:
CIN 3 involves the full-thickness epithelium but is distinguished from microinvasive carcinoma (Stage IA1) by the absence of:
The FIGO 2018 staging of cervical carcinoma introduced major changes from the 2009 version. Which of the following was a new addition in FIGO 2018 that allows imaging and pathological findings to upstage the tumor?
A 34-year-old woman with Stage IB2 cervical cancer (4.5 cm squamous cell carcinoma, confined to cervix) wishes to preserve fertility. She is referred for radical trachelectomy. What is the standard upper limit of tumor size for fertility-sparing radical trachelectomy to be considered appropriate?
In cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) management, a Pap smear showing HSIL in a 28-year-old pregnant woman at 18 weeks is followed by colposcopy confirming CIN 2. What is the most appropriate management?
The KEYNOTE-826 trial established immunotherapy in cervical carcinoma. In which patient population was pembrolizumab shown to improve overall survival when added to chemotherapy (carboplatin/paclitaxel ± bevacizumab)?
FIGO 2018 revised staging of cervical cancer introduced imaging (CT/MRI/PET) and pathological lymph node assessment into the staging system. Which is now correctly classified as FIGO Stage IIIC1?
A 38-year-old woman is diagnosed with Stage IB2 cervical squamous cell carcinoma (4.5 cm tumor, no parametrial extension, no lymph nodes on PET-CT). She has completed her family. The most appropriate treatment according to current ESGO/NCCN guidelines is:
In sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping for early cervical cancer (Stage IA1 with LVSI to IB1), which tracer combination provides the highest detection rate and which injection site is standard?
A Pap smear reports HSIL (High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion). HPV genotyping shows HPV 16. Colposcopy-directed biopsy confirms CIN 3. The patient is 32 years old and nulliparous. The most appropriate management is:
Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) of the cervix is increasingly common due to HPV 18 predominance. Which management approach is correct for a 29-year-old woman with AIS on LLETZ with negative margins who desires fertility?
FIGO 2018 revised staging for cervical cancer now allows imaging and pathological findings to modify clinical staging. A patient with cervical cancer invading the parametrium but not reaching the pelvic sidewall, with a pelvic lymph node metastasis confirmed on MRI, is now staged as:
Radical trachelectomy is a fertility-preserving option for early cervical cancer. The most appropriate candidate for vaginal radical trachelectomy is:
The LACC trial compared minimally invasive radical hysterectomy (MIS-RH) with open radical hysterectomy (open-RH) for early-stage cervical cancer. Its landmark finding was:
HPV genotyping in cervical cancer prevention: After a negative hrHPV test in co-testing (HPV + Pap cytology), the recommended interval for next cervical cancer screening per current guidelines is:
According to the 2018 FIGO staging of cervical carcinoma, a tumor with bladder mucosal involvement demonstrated on cystoscopy is staged as:
A 35-year-old nulliparous woman has FIGO Stage IB1 squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (2.5 cm tumor, no lymphovascular invasion, no parametrial involvement on MRI). The fertility-sparing surgical option of choice is:
The GOG 240 trial established that adding bevacizumab to platinum-based chemotherapy in recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer improves:
Which intermediate-risk factor for recurrence after radical hysterectomy for early-stage cervical cancer is identified in the 'Sedlis criteria' for adjuvant radiotherapy?
A 42-year-old woman is diagnosed with FIGO 2018 Stage IB3 cervical squamous cell carcinoma (tumor >4 cm, confined to cervix). According to current NCCN/ESMO guidelines, the preferred primary treatment is:
Under FIGO 2018 cervical cancer staging, which of the following findings, detected only on MRI (not clinical examination), qualifies for upstaging compared to the previous FIGO 2009 system?
A 28-year-old nulliparous woman with Stage IA2 squamous cell carcinoma of cervix (stromal invasion 4.5 mm, horizontal spread 6 mm) desires fertility preservation. The most appropriate surgical option that provides adequate margins while preserving fertility is:
The Querleu-Morrow (Q-M) classification of radical hysterectomy replaced the Piver-Rutledge-Smith classification. In Q-M Type C1 radical hysterectomy, what specifically distinguishes it from Type C2?
The KEYS trial and the LACC trial (2018) changed the surgical management of cervical cancer. The LACC trial compared minimally invasive radical hysterectomy (MIS-RH) versus open radical hysterectomy (ORH) in Stage IA2–IB1 cervical cancer and found significantly worse disease-free survival in the MIS group. What is the currently recommended surgical approach for early-stage cervical cancer (Stage IB1) based on this evidence?
In the FIGO 2018 cervical cancer staging revision, which of the following represents the most significant change from FIGO 2009?
A 35-year-old woman with Stage IB2 cervical cancer (4.5 cm tumour) wishes to preserve fertility. Which of the following procedures may be considered for fertility preservation in this scenario, and what is the tumour size upper limit accepted by most centres for this procedure?
The primary HPV test with partial genotyping (HPV 16/18 detection) is now recommended as the preferred cervical cancer screening strategy. According to current guidelines, a woman aged 30 years who tests positive for HPV 16 but has a normal cytology (NILM) should be managed how?
FIGO 2018 revised cervical cancer staging now incorporates imaging and pathological findings. A 40-year-old with cervical carcinoma has a parametrial mass on MRI and CT reveals a 2 cm right external iliac lymph node. Under FIGO 2018, she is classified as stage:
A 38-year-old with stage IB2 cervical squamous cell carcinoma (4.2 cm tumour, no lymph node involvement, negative parametria on MRI) requests fertility preservation. Which fertility-sparing surgical option and its oncological eligibility criterion apply here?
The LACC trial (2018) compared minimally invasive radical hysterectomy (laparoscopic/robotic) to open radical hysterectomy for early-stage cervical cancer. What was its landmark finding and how did it change practice?
Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in early cervical cancer uses technetium-99m sulfur colloid ± indocyanine green. The SLN concept in cervical cancer primarily drains to which nodal station first?
A 52-year-old woman is found to have cervical cancer with the tumor extending to the lower one-third of the vagina but not to the pelvic side wall, with left hydroureter on IVU. Lymph nodes are clinically negative. According to FIGO 2018 staging (incorporating imaging), what is her correct stage?
For a patient with FIGO Stage IB2 cervical squamous cell carcinoma (4.5 cm tumor, no parametrial invasion, no lymph node metastasis on PET-CT), the LACC trial outcome has influenced which clinical practice decision?
A 28-year-old woman with CIN 2 on colposcopic biopsy and no endocervical involvement wants fertility preservation. She is HPV 16 positive. Which management is most appropriate according to current evidence-based guidelines?
FIGO 2018 staging of cervical carcinoma introduced major changes. A patient with a 4.5 cm cervical cancer is found on MRI to have parametrial involvement without sidewall extension and no lymph nodes detected on imaging. However, pelvic lymph node biopsy is positive. What is the correct FIGO 2018 stage?
The KEYS trial (2022) evaluated the addition of pembrolizumab (anti-PD1) to chemoradiation in locally advanced cervical cancer. What was the primary finding of this phase III trial?
On colposcopy, a woman has an acetowhite lesion at the squamocolumnar junction extending to the inner aspect of the cervical canal, not fully visible. The transformation zone cannot be fully visualised. According to the IFCPC 2011 colposcopy terminology, this is classified as:
According to FIGO 2018 staging, a patient with cervical carcinoma is found on imaging (MRI) to have a tumour extending into the left parametrium but not reaching the pelvic sidewall. No lymph node involvement is identified on PET-CT. What is the correct FIGO 2018 stage?
A 35-year-old woman desires fertility preservation. Cervical biopsy reveals squamous cell carcinoma. Pelvic MRI shows a 1.8 cm tumour confined to the cervix with no parametrial invasion and no lymph node involvement. Which procedure offers the best oncological and fertility-preserving outcome?
The LACC trial (2018) compared minimally invasive radical hysterectomy to open radical hysterectomy for early-stage cervical cancer. What was the principal finding that changed surgical practice?
A woman undergoes Pap smear which shows atypical squamous cells – cannot exclude high-grade lesion (ASC-H). According to current guidelines, what is the MOST appropriate next step?
The FIGO 2018 revised staging of cervical cancer now incorporates imaging and pathological findings. A woman with cervical carcinoma and radiological evidence of pelvic lymph node metastasis (proven on PET-CT) but no parametrial invasion and tumour size 3 cm would be staged as:
In the LACC (Laparoscopic Approach to Cervical Cancer) trial, minimally invasive radical hysterectomy for early-stage cervical cancer was associated with compared to open surgery:
A 28-year-old woman with FIGO 2018 Stage IB1 cervical carcinoma (2 cm, squamous cell, no LVI) desires fertility preservation. The most appropriate surgical option with oncologically acceptable outcomes is:
In the FIGO 2018 revised staging of cervical carcinoma, which change was most clinically significant?
The LACC trial (Laparoscopic Approach to Cervical Cancer trial) changed surgical practice for early-stage cervical cancer. What was its primary finding?
A 35-year-old woman with stage IB2 cervical squamous cell carcinoma (4.5 cm tumor) has completed concurrent chemoradiation with cisplatin. Follow-up PET-CT at 3 months shows a metabolically active residual cervical mass. What is the most appropriate next step?
According to the 2018 FIGO staging of cervical cancer, a 42-year-old woman has a 5 cm cervical mass with parametrial invasion confirmed on MRI but no pelvic sidewall involvement, no hydronephrosis, and negative lymph nodes on CT. What is the FIGO 2018 stage?
In the SENTIX trial and subsequent SENTICOL III trial investigating sentinel lymph node mapping in early cervical cancer, the sentinel node detection technique using combined isotope (99mTc) and dye requires injection into which anatomical location?
A 36-year-old woman with Stage IB2 cervical squamous cell carcinoma (4.2 cm) desires fertility preservation. Which statement about radical trachelectomy in this setting is MOST accurate?
A 48-year-old woman has been diagnosed with FIGO Stage IIB carcinoma of the cervix (parametrial involvement, no pelvic wall extension, no hydronephrosis). She is medically fit for treatment. The standard of care is:
A 38-year-old woman with Stage IB1 squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (tumor 2.8 cm, confined to cervix) wishes to preserve fertility. She has no lymphovascular space invasion on biopsy. The most appropriate fertility-sparing surgical option is:
A 52-year-old presents with post-coital bleeding for 6 months. Speculum examination shows a 3 cm friable lesion on the ectocervix. Biopsy confirms squamous cell carcinoma. Pelvic MRI shows no parametrial extension. CT chest/abdomen/pelvis is clear. What is the FIGO 2018 stage?
The HPV genotypes responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancers globally are:
A 38-year-old woman is diagnosed with cervical squamous carcinoma. MRI shows a 4.5 cm tumour invading the parametrium on the right side but not reaching the pelvic wall; no bladder or rectal invasion; no lymph node involvement on imaging. According to FIGO 2018 cervical cancer staging (which incorporates imaging and pathology), the stage is:
The KEYS trial (2022) and INTERLACE trial (2024) both investigated modified treatment approaches for locally advanced cervical cancer. The INTERLACE trial showed that adding induction chemotherapy before chemoradiation resulted in:
A 30-year-old nulliparous woman has CIN 3 on colposcopy-directed biopsy. She strongly desires future fertility. The preferred management is:
The primary HPV screening-based cervical cancer screening programme in India under the National Cancer Grid recommends initiating co-testing (HPV + cytology) at what age for average-risk women?
According to FIGO 2018 staging of cervical carcinoma, a patient has a 5 cm cervical tumor with parametrial invasion confirmed on MRI but without pelvic sidewall involvement and no lymph node metastasis on imaging. What is the correct FIGO stage?
The GOG 240 trial established which regimen as standard first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer?
A 35-year-old woman has Stage IB2 cervical cancer (tumor 5.5 cm, confined to cervix on imaging). Which is the recommended primary treatment according to current guidelines?
A 40-year-old woman is found on colposcopy-directed biopsy to have squamous cell carcinoma invading 6 mm in depth and 8 mm in horizontal spread, with no parametrial involvement and no lymphovascular space invasion. According to FIGO 2018 staging, she is classified as:
The LACC trial (Lancet Oncology 2018) changed practice for early-stage cervical cancer by demonstrating that compared to open radical hysterectomy, minimally invasive radical hysterectomy was associated with:
A 35-year-old nulliparous woman is diagnosed with cervical cancer Stage IB2 (3.5 cm tumor, squamous cell carcinoma). She strongly desires future fertility. Which fertility-sparing option, if feasible, has the best oncologic evidence for tumors up to 2 cm but limited data for 2–4 cm tumors?
A patient with cervical cancer has disease extending to the pelvic sidewall with right hydronephrosis but no distant metastases. According to FIGO 2018 staging, this is classified as:
The KEYS trial and OUTBACK trial both investigated adding adjuvant chemotherapy to chemoradiation in locally advanced cervical cancer. What was the primary finding of the OUTBACK trial?
Regarding sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping in early-stage cervical cancer, which dye/technique combination is currently considered most sensitive?
A 30-year-old nulliparous woman is diagnosed with Stage IB1 (tumour 3.5 cm) cervical squamous cell carcinoma and desires fertility preservation. The most appropriate oncologically acceptable fertility-sparing procedure is:
The GOG-240 trial established the survival benefit of adding bevacizumab to chemotherapy in recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer. Bevacizumab targets which molecular pathway?
A 42-year-old woman with cervical carcinoma is found to have a 4.5 cm tumour confined to the cervix without parametrial extension on MRI. Pelvic lymph node biopsy shows three positive nodes, all <5 mm. According to FIGO 2018 staging, this is:
The KEYS trial (2022) established that which targeted agent, when added to concurrent chemoradiotherapy, improved overall survival in locally advanced cervical cancer?
A 28-year-old nulliparous woman has CIN 3 on colposcopic biopsy. HPV genotyping shows HPV 16. She wishes to preserve fertility. The most appropriate management is:
Sentinel lymph node mapping in early cervical cancer (stage IA2–IB1) uses which combination of tracers to achieve optimal bilateral detection?
A 42-year-old woman is found to have cervical squamous cell carcinoma on biopsy. MRI shows a 4.5 cm tumour invading the parametrium on the left side but not reaching the pelvic sidewall. There is no hydronephrosis and no distant metastases. FIGO 2018 stage is:
The GOG-240 trial established a new standard for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer by adding which agent to platinum-based chemotherapy, significantly improving overall survival?
A 28-year-old woman with FIGO 2018 Stage IB1 (less than 2 cm, stromal invasion less than 10 mm, no LVSI) cervical SCC wants to preserve fertility. Which surgical option is most appropriate?
The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear has highest sensitivity for detecting which cervical lesion?
A 38-year-old woman is diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. MRI shows a 5 cm tumour confined to the cervix with no parametrial involvement and no lymph node enlargement. According to FIGO 2018 staging, what stage is this?
The LACC (Laparoscopic Approach to Cervical Cancer) trial published in NEJM 2018 fundamentally changed surgical management of early cervical cancer. Its key finding was:
According to FIGO 2018 staging for cervical cancer, which of the following can now be used to upgrade clinical stage even if physical examination suggests lower stage?
A 45-year-old woman is diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. On examination, the tumor measures 5 cm and is confined to the cervix. MRI confirms no parametrial involvement, no pelvic wall extension. There is a solitary 1.5 cm pelvic lymph node on MRI. According to FIGO 2018 revised staging, what is her stage?
The LACC trial (2018, NEJM) compared minimally invasive radical hysterectomy to open radical hysterectomy for early-stage cervical cancer and found:
A 35-year-old nulliparous woman with FIGO Stage IB1 cervical cancer (squamous, 1.8 cm) wishes to preserve fertility. What is the most appropriate surgical option?
According to FIGO 2018 cervical cancer staging, a 4.5 cm tumour with parametrial invasion on pelvic MRI but no sidewall extension and no lymph node involvement is classified as:
In the FIGO 2018 revision, which was the MAJOR change from the 2009 staging for cervical cancer that significantly impacts treatment planning?
The OUTBACK trial (2022) investigated the role of adjuvant chemotherapy after chemoradiation for locally advanced cervical cancer. Its primary conclusion was:
A 45-year-old woman is found on examination to have a cervical tumor confined to the cervix measuring 4.5 cm in greatest dimension. There is no parametrial involvement and no pelvic wall extension. MRI confirms no lymph node enlargement. According to FIGO 2018 staging, this is:
In the KEYS trial, addition of which chemotherapy agent to adjuvant chemoradiation after radical hysterectomy for high-risk cervical cancer improved disease-free survival?
In FIGO 2018 cervical cancer staging, Stage IIIC1 specifically denotes:
Under FIGO 2018 staging for cervical cancer, a patient has a 4 cm cervical tumor with parametrial invasion confirmed on MRI but not reaching the pelvic sidewall. Her lymph nodes show a 1.2 cm pelvic node on CT with FDG-PET avidity. What is her revised stage?
The GOG 120 trial established concurrent cisplatin-based chemoradiation as superior to radiation alone for cervical cancer. Which regimen was NOT included in GOG 120?
A 28-year-old woman with Stage IB1 cervical cancer (2.5 cm squamous cell carcinoma) desires fertility preservation. She has no lymphovascular space invasion. The MOST appropriate fertility-sparing surgical option is:
Which HPV genotype combination accounts for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases worldwide?
Regarding cervical cancer screening with primary HPV testing (co-testing with HPV + Pap smear), which group of women with HPV 16/18-positive but negative cytology requires immediate colposcopy?
According to the revised FIGO 2018 staging for cervical carcinoma, a tumour involving the lower third of the vagina without extending to the pelvic wall, with lymph node metastasis confirmed on imaging, is classified as:
A 40-year-old woman is diagnosed with cervical carcinoma confined to the cervix, measuring 4.5 cm on MRI with no parametrial or lymph node involvement (FIGO IB3). The recommended primary treatment is:
Which of the following correctly describes the Wertheim's radical hysterectomy for cervical carcinoma?
In cervical cancer screening, co-testing with HPV and cytology is preferred over cytology alone. The MOST carcinogenic HPV genotypes responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancers are:
A 35-year-old woman with cervical carcinoma Stage IVB is referred for palliative chemotherapy. The backbone of systemic therapy for recurrent/metastatic cervical cancer is:
A 42-year-old woman presents with postcoital bleeding. Colposcopy shows an irregular lesion on the ectocervix. Biopsy confirms invasive squamous cell carcinoma. MRI pelvis shows a 4.5 cm tumor confined to the cervix with no parametrial or vaginal extension. According to FIGO 2018 staging, her stage is:
The KEYS trial (2022) demonstrated an improvement in overall survival in locally advanced cervical cancer when which agent was added to concurrent chemoradiation?
In a woman with cervical cancer, which lymph node group is considered the PRIMARY sentinel node?
A 38-year-old woman with cervical cancer stage IB1 (2 cm, confined to cervix) desires fertility preservation. The MOST appropriate fertility-sparing surgical option is:
A 28-year-old woman has a cervical smear showing high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL/CIN 2–3). Colposcopy is satisfactory (entire transformation zone visible). The MOST appropriate management is:
In cervical cytology reporting using the Bethesda system, which classification has the HIGHEST sensitivity but LOWEST specificity for identifying CIN 2+?
A 42-year-old woman undergoes examination under anaesthesia for cervical carcinoma. The tumour is 5 cm, extends onto the right parametrium without reaching the pelvic side wall. Cystoscopy and proctoscopy are negative. According to FIGO 2018 clinical staging, what stage is this?
The KEYS trial evaluated which treatment modification in locally advanced cervical cancer?
A 35-year-old woman with FIGO Stage IA2 cervical squamous cell carcinoma (3.8 mm depth, 6 mm width) desires fertility preservation. What is the most appropriate surgical management?
Which HPV genotype combination accounts for the greatest proportion of cervical cancers worldwide?
A postmenopausal woman with Stage IVA cervical carcinoma (bladder invasion) presents with unilateral ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis. She is otherwise fit. What is the primary treatment modality?
A 48-year-old woman is found to have squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix invading the lower third of the vagina with no parametrial involvement and no hydronephrosis. According to FIGO 2018 cervical cancer staging, this is classified as:
The LACC trial (2018) changed the surgical management of early-stage cervical cancer. What was its KEY finding?
Which HPV types are classified as 'probably carcinogenic' (Group 2A) by IARC rather than 'definitely carcinogenic' (Group 1)?
Sentinel lymph node mapping in early cervical cancer uses which tracer injected into the cervix to identify the first draining node?
A 38-year-old woman has FIGO Stage IB2 (4.1 cm) squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. MRI confirms no parametrial involvement. Which treatment strategy provides equivalent oncological outcomes with better preservation of ovarian function?
Under the revised FIGO 2018 staging for cervical carcinoma, which change was most significant compared to FIGO 2009?
A 25-year-old nulliparous woman desires fertility preservation. Colposcopy-directed biopsy confirms Stage IA2 cervical squamous cell carcinoma (depth 4.5 mm, width 6 mm). The BEST fertility-preserving surgical option is:
According to the National Cancer Grid India guidelines 2022, the recommended cervical cancer screening interval using VIA (Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid) in resource-limited settings is:
According to the FIGO 2018 staging of cervical carcinoma, parametrial involvement confirmed by MRI or histopathology (without pelvic sidewall involvement or hydronephrosis) is classified as:
A 45-year-old woman has cervical carcinoma Stage IB2 (tumor 4.5 cm, confined to cervix). FIGO 2018 would now classify this as which stage, and what is the preferred treatment?
Wertheim's radical hysterectomy (Type III/Piver-Rutledge Type III) differs from Type II (modified radical) hysterectomy primarily in that it includes:
The KEYS trial (2022) studied the addition of pembrolizumab (PD-1 inhibitor) to concurrent chemoradiation in locally advanced cervical cancer. What was the primary endpoint result?
A 42-year-old woman is diagnosed with cervical carcinoma. Pelvic examination reveals the tumour extends to the pelvic sidewall. MRI confirms no hydronephrosis and no involvement of the lower third of the vagina. According to FIGO 2018 staging, what stage is this?
Which landmark trial (KEYS study / GOG 123) established concurrent cisplatin-based chemoradiation as the standard of care for locally advanced cervical cancer, replacing radiation alone?
A 26-year-old nulliparous woman with stage IB1 (< 2 cm) squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix wishes to preserve fertility. Which surgical procedure is the fertility-preserving standard of care?
On colposcopy, aceto-white epithelium with a coarse mosaic pattern and an atypical transformation zone type 3 is identified. Which feature specifically predicts the highest risk of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 3)?
The 9-valent HPV vaccine (Gardasil 9) protects against which HPV types in addition to types 6, 11, 16, and 18?
A 25-year-old woman has a Pap smear showing HSIL (CIN III equivalent). Colposcopy-directed biopsy confirms CIN III at the squamocolumnar junction with negative endocervical sampling. What is the recommended management according to ASCCP 2019 guidelines?
A 42-year-old woman with Stage IIB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (MRI: right parametrial involvement, no lymph node enlargement on PET-CT) is planned for concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT). The standard chemosensitising agent used with external beam radiotherapy in cervical cancer is:
A 25-year-old nulliparous woman is diagnosed with Stage IA2 squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (depth of invasion 4 mm, horizontal spread 6 mm) on cone biopsy with clear margins. She strongly desires fertility. The most appropriate fertility-sparing surgical option is:
According to WHO 2020 Global Strategy to accelerate cervical cancer elimination, the '90-70-90' targets to be achieved by 2030 include all of the following EXCEPT:
Which HPV genotypes are covered by the 9-valent HPV vaccine (Gardasil-9), in addition to the types 6, 11, 16, and 18 covered by the quadrivalent vaccine?
In the FIGO 2018 staging, pelvic lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer now constitutes which stage, regardless of primary tumor size or local extent?
Radical trachelectomy is a fertility-sparing surgical option for cervical carcinoma. Which stage/size is the OPTIMAL candidate?

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