Demography and Health Indicators MCQs

Community Medicine (PSM) · 109 free questions with answers & explanations.

  1. As per National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5, 2019-21) data, India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has reached:
  2. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is defined as the number of deaths among children under 1 year of age per how many live births in the same year?
  3. According to Sample Registration System (SRS) 2020, India's Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) was:
  4. NFHS-5 (2019–21) reported India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to be:
  5. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in India has reached approximately 2.0 (NFHS-5, 2019–21). The Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) required to achieve a stationary population (zero population growth) in the long term is:
  6. India's SRS (Sample Registration System) is the primary source for vital statistics. The Crude Death Rate (CDR) is calculated per 1,000 mid-year population. Which of the following health indicators is the BEST single measure of overall health status of a population as per WHO?
  7. In vital statistics, the 'Standardized Mortality Ratio' (SMR) is calculated to compare mortality between populations with different age structures. An SMR of 1.30 for an occupational group of coal miners indicates:
  8. The 'Total Fertility Rate' (TFR) for India as per the National Family Health Survey 5 (NFHS-5, 2019–21) is approximately:
  9. The Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR) and Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) differ because:
  10. As per SAMPLE REGISTRATION SYSTEM (SRS) 2020, the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) of India is approximately:
  11. The Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is calculated as:
  12. The Census of India 2011 reports a sex ratio of 940 females per 1000 males. The 'Child Sex Ratio' (0–6 years) was 914. Which of the following is the CORRECT interpretation?
  13. India's Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) as per the SRS 2018–20 is approximately 97 per 100,000 live births. The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.1 target for MMR by 2030 is:
  14. India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) as per NFHS-5 (2019–21) is 2.0. The replacement level TFR conventionally used for India is approximately 2.1. This is because:
  15. India's Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) as reported in SRS 2018–20 is 97 per 100,000 live births. The state with the HIGHEST MMR in India in this report is:
  16. A country's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is 3.2 children per woman. The Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) is 1.5. This means the country is in a stage of:
  17. In the SAMPLE REGISTRATION SYSTEM (SRS) bulletin 2020 data for India, which indicator has been used as the standard denominator for calculating the Under-Five Mortality Rate (U5MR)?
  18. The Lee-Jones Oscillation (demographic transition) concept describes a situation in a country where death rates fall first before birth rates fall. In Stage 3 of demographic transition, the key characteristic is:
  19. India's Sample Registration System (SRS) 2022 report estimated the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) at 97 per 100,000 live births nationally. Which state/UT has consistently reported the highest MMR in recent SRS reports?
  20. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in India has crossed the replacement level fertility threshold. What is the replacement level TFR, and what was India's national TFR as per SRS 2022?
  21. The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD). In which scenario would the DALY for a condition be dominated almost entirely by YLD rather than YLL?
  22. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) represents the average number of children a woman would bear. India's TFR as per NFHS-5 (2019-21) is approximately 2.0. The replacement-level TFR is 2.1. This implies:
  23. The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is defined as the number of maternal deaths per:
  24. The Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) is the most meaningful demographic measure of population replacement. An NRR of 1.0 means:
  25. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is composed of neonatal and post-neonatal mortality. Which of the following statements correctly describes the epidemiological characteristic of EARLY neonatal mortality (ENM)?
  26. Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is a composite health metric. Which formula correctly represents DALYs?
  27. India's Sample Registration System (SRS) 2020 data reported an MMR of 97 per 100,000 live births. To achieve the SDG target for maternal mortality, India must reach an MMR of less than:
  28. The Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) portal uses 'Total Fertility Rate' (TFR) as a key indicator. India's National Family Health Survey-5 (2019–21) reported a national TFR of 2.0. Which interpretation is epidemiologically correct?
  29. The 'under-5 mortality rate' (U5MR) is considered a more sensitive indicator of child health than infant mortality rate (IMR) because:
  30. India conducted its last decennial census in 2011. The Sample Registration System (SRS) 2020 report provides vital statistics. Which of the following rates are CORRECTLY matched according to SRS 2020?
  31. The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in India was reported as 97 per 100,000 live births in the SRS-based MMR Bulletin 2018–20. Which Indian state had the HIGHEST MMR according to this report?
  32. The Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is a composite health metric. In calculating DALYs, the 'disability weight' for a health condition represents:
  33. India's Sample Registration System (SRS) 2020 reported a Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) of 97 per 100,000 live births, down from 254 in 2004–06. The SDG target for MMR by 2030 is:
  34. The Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is calculated as DALY = YLL + YLD. In calculating Years Lived with Disability (YLD), the formula used is:
  35. The concept of 'demographic dividend' refers to the economic growth potential when:
  36. The 'demographic dividend' refers to economic growth potential arising from a shift in population age structure. India is currently in which phase of demographic transition to best exploit this dividend?
  37. The Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) for a condition is calculated as the sum of Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Years Lived with Disability (YLD). If a disease kills 1,000 people at a mean age of 45 (life expectancy 75 years) and causes 2,000 people to live with 50% disability for 10 years each, what is the total DALY burden?
  38. A maternal death occurs when a woman dies during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from causes related to or aggravated by the pregnancy. According to the latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), India's Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) has reached which level?
  39. The NFHS-5 (2019–21) reported India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) at 2.0, below replacement level of 2.1. Despite this, India's population continues to grow. The demographic concept explaining this phenomenon is:
  40. India's NFHS-5 reported Under-Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) of 42 per 1000 live births. To assess inequality in this measure between richest and poorest quintiles, which analytic approach is most appropriate?
  41. India's Census 2011 showed a child sex ratio (0–6 years) of 914 girls per 1000 boys — a decline from 927 in 2001. The 'sex ratio at birth' (SRB) is the preferred indicator over child sex ratio for detecting sex-selective abortions because:
  42. The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and Maternal Mortality Rate are different measures. The denominator used in Maternal Mortality RATIO is:
  43. The 'Demographic Dividend' refers to the economic growth potential that arises when a country's working-age population (15-64 years) constitutes a higher proportion than dependents. India is currently in the demographic dividend phase. The key prerequisite for countries to capitalise on the demographic dividend is:
  44. The Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is a composite health metric combining Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Years Lived with Disability (YLD). In the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) framework, the disability weight used in YLD calculation ranges from:
  45. The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) in India as reported by the SRS (Sample Registration System) for 2018-20 was approximately 97 per 100,000 live births. The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target for global MMR by 2030 is:
  46. The Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) is considered the most accurate measure of population replacement compared to the Total Fertility Rate (TFR). The principal advantage of NRR over TFR is that NRR:
  47. India's Sample Registration System (SRS) 2020 reported an Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR) of 32 per 1000 live births. Which of the following is NOT a component of the U5MR calculation?
  48. Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient are used in public health to measure:
  49. India's Sample Registration System (SRS) 2020 reports an Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) of 28 per 1000 live births at the national level. IMR is defined as deaths of infants:
  50. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) represents:
  51. The 'dependency ratio' in demography measures:
  52. The 'epidemiological transition' (Omran, 1971) describes a shift from which pattern to which?
  53. The Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is composed of two components. A patient develops a non-fatal condition at age 30 that causes 30% disability for 20 years before recovery. Which component directly captures this patient's disease burden?
  54. As per the Sample Registration System (SRS) Statistical Report 2022 (published 2024), the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) of India is closest to:
  55. In a stable population where birth rate equals death rate and both are constant over time, what characterises the age distribution?
  56. India's Sample Registration System (SRS) 2020 data reports an Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR) of 32 per 1000 live births and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) of 28 per 1000. The Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) is 20 per 1000. The proportion of child deaths under age 5 occurring in the neonatal period is approximately:
  57. The Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is composed of two components. A 45-year-old man develops total blindness (disability weight 0.6) following a work injury and lives for 20 more years. His Years Lived with Disability (YLD) assuming no age-weighting or discounting is:
  58. India conducts the Annual Health Survey (AHS) and the National Family Health Survey (NFHS). Which of the following indicators is measured by NFHS-5 (2019-21) but NOT by the Census of India?
  59. India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) as per the NFHS-5 (2019–21) is closest to which value, and what does it indicate in relation to replacement level fertility?
  60. The Demographic Transition Theory describes four stages of population change. A country with declining birth rates but still-declining death rates resulting in a 'narrowing of the gap' and slowing population growth is in which stage?
  61. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) as per Sample Registration System (SRS) 2020 for India is approximately:
  62. Swaroop's Index (Proportionate Mortality Ratio for 50+ years) is an indicator of which aspect of a community's health status?
  63. India's Sample Registration System (SRS) 2020 data reports the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) as 97 per 1,00,000 live births. MMR is defined as deaths per:
  64. The BEST single indicator reflecting both infant mortality and the standard of living of a population is:
  65. India conducted its last national population Census in 2011. Which of the following is an impact of pandemic-related Census postponement on health planning?
  66. The demographic transition in India is characterised by high birth rates and declining death rates (Stage 2). Which population phenomenon results from this transition?
  67. India's Sample Registration System (SRS) estimated the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) for 2020 at approximately 2.0. The replacement-level fertility is 2.1. If a population has a TFR below 2.1 for a prolonged period, which of the following demographic consequences is MOST likely in the long term?
  68. The Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR) is calculated as the number of deaths of children aged 0–4 years per:
  69. Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) = Years of Life Lost (YLL) + Years Lived with Disability (YLD). A 40-year-old woman dies from cervical cancer. If standard life expectancy at age 40 is 38 years, and she lived with disability for 2 years before death at a disability weight of 0.5, calculate her total DALY burden:
  70. The Lorenz curve is used to measure which of the following in health systems research?
  71. India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) as per the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019–21) is approximately:
  72. Under demographic transition theory, Phase 3 is characterized by:
  73. The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is expressed per:
  74. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is defined as the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per:
  75. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMRatio) per the current NHP 2017 target for India and the current (NITI Aayog 2023 estimate) value are respectively:
  76. India conducted its last population census in 2011. The demographic dividend India currently experiences refers to which population phenomenon?
  77. The Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is composed of two components. Which formula correctly represents the DALY?
  78. India's Sample Registration System (SRS) 2020 report showed the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) as approximately:
  79. The Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) of exactly 1.0 implies which demographic condition?
  80. India's Census 2011 reported a Child Sex Ratio (0–6 years) of:
  81. The Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) is the average number of daughters that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if she experienced current age-specific fertility and mortality rates. An NRR of 1.0 indicates:
  82. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019–21), India's current Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is approximately:
  83. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is defined as the number of deaths in the first year of life per how many live births?
  84. DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Year) is a composite health metric. It is calculated as:
  85. India's NFHS-5 (2019-21) reported the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) as approximately:
  86. The Sample Registration System (SRS) in India primarily collects data on:
  87. Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) of 1 indicates that a population is:
  88. Under India's NFHS-5 data, infant mortality rate (IMR) was reported as approximately:
  89. India's Census 2011 recorded the first decline in absolute child population (0–6 years) since 1951. The Child Sex Ratio (CSR) in 2011 was 914 girls per 1000 boys. What does CSR represent and which age group does it measure?
  90. The Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) of 1.0 in a population means:
  91. India's Sample Registration System (SRS) 2020 data reports a Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) of 97 per 100,000 live births. MMR is defined as:
  92. India's Sample Registration System (SRS) 2022 data shows an Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) of 28 per 1000 live births. IMR is defined as the number of deaths of infants aged:
  93. The 'Disability-Adjusted Life Year' (DALY) is composed of which two components?
  94. The 'Lorenz curve' in public health is used to measure:
  95. India's Census 2011 reported a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.4. According to National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019–2021), India's TFR has now fallen to:
  96. The Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is a composite health metric. Which formula CORRECTLY defines it?
  97. Which demographic indicator is used to BEST assess the quality of obstetric care in a population rather than the overall burden of maternal deaths?
  98. Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are calculated as the sum of Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Years Lived with Disability (YLD). A disease kills 1000 people at an average age of 40 years in a country where standard life expectancy is 80 years. What is the YLL for this disease?
  99. India's Sample Registration System (SRS) estimates the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) as 97 per 1,00,000 live births (2018–2020). MMR is BEST defined as:
  100. The 'Demographic Dividend' India is currently experiencing refers to:
  101. Which of the following is the BEST single indicator of the nutritional status of a community according to the WHO?
  102. India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) as reported in the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5, 2019–21) is:
  103. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is defined as the number of maternal deaths per:
  104. The 2020–21 NFHS-5 data for India reported an Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) of approximately:
  105. The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) as reported in the Sample Registration System (SRS) 2018–2020 for India was:
  106. The Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) of a population is exactly 1.0. This indicates that:
  107. A district with population 5,00,000 reports 150 deaths, 200 new TB cases, and 12,000 births in one year. What is the crude birth rate?
  108. The Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR) and Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) differ in that NRR accounts for:
  109. Under India's Sample Registration System (SRS), the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) at the national level in 2021 SRS data is approximately:
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