The Framingham Heart Study established which of the following cardiovascular risk factors as independently associated with coronary artery disease in its original long-term cohort analysis?

• A Elevated serum uric acid, hyperhomocysteinemia, and elevated CRP
• B Elevated LDL >200 mg/dL, metabolic syndrome, and sedentary lifestyle only
• C Abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and sleep apnea
• D Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, diabetes, and male sex ✓

Explanation

The Framingham Heart Study (1948 onwards, Framingham, Massachusetts) was a landmark prospective cohort study that established the classic cardiovascular risk factors: hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, and male sex (or post-menopausal status). The study pioneered the concept of 'risk factors' in chronic disease epidemiology and produced the Framingham Risk Score still used clinically.

Reference: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 27th ed.

High-yield for: NEET PGINI-CETNExTFMGEUSMLEPLABMRCP

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