The STEPS survey methodology used by WHO for NCD surveillance collects data in three domains. The third 'step' (biochemical measurements) typically includes:

• A Self-reported tobacco use and physical activity
• B Fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, and urinary creatinine ✓
• C Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements
• D ECG and echocardiography

Explanation

WHO STEPwise approach to NCD risk factor surveillance (STEPS) uses three steps: Step 1 = core questionnaire (tobacco, alcohol, diet, physical activity — self-reported), Step 2 = physical measurements (BP, height, weight, waist circumference), Step 3 = biochemical measurements (fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, and optionally urinary creatinine, cotinine). This graduated approach allows countries with limited resources to implement at least Step 1–2.

Reference: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 27th ed.

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