In a study on risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma, only cases who survived long enough to be interviewed were enrolled. This introduces which type of bias?

• A Recall bias
• B Hawthorne effect
• C Confounding bias
• D Neyman (prevalence-incidence) bias ✓

Explanation

Neyman bias (also called prevalence-incidence bias or survival bias) occurs when cases are selected from a prevalent pool rather than incident cases, inadvertently excluding those who died or recovered before enrollment. This can distort the apparent association between exposure and disease, as survivors may have a different exposure profile than non-survivors.

Reference: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 27th ed.

High-yield for: NEET PGINI-CETNExTFMGEUSMLEPLABMRCP

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