In a cross-sectional survey of blood pressure, individuals with severe hypertension who died before the survey could be enrolled are missed. Which type of bias does this best represent?

• A Recall bias
• B Lead time bias
• C Hawthorne effect
• D Neyman (prevalence-incidence) bias ✓

Explanation

Neyman bias (prevalence-incidence bias) occurs in cross-sectional and case-control studies when severe or rapidly fatal cases die before they can be included, leaving a study sample skewed toward milder or more chronic cases. This leads to an underestimate of disease severity or exposure-disease associations. Recall bias relates to differential memory of exposure between cases and controls.

Reference: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 27th ed.

High-yield for: NEET PGINI-CETNExTFMGEUSMLEPLABMRCP

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