In a cross-sectional study, the researcher finds a positive association between antihypertensive use and hypertension. This is MOST likely an example of:

• A Reverse causality ✓
• B Confounding by indication
• C Information bias
• D Effect modification

Explanation

In cross-sectional studies, exposure and outcome are measured simultaneously, making it impossible to establish temporality. The apparent association — antihypertensives causing hypertension — is more plausibly explained by reverse causality: people take antihypertensives because they already have hypertension. Confounding by indication describes prescribing drugs to those at higher baseline risk. Information bias involves measurement error. Effect modification is a different concept where a third variable alters the exposure-outcome relationship.

Reference: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 27th ed.

High-yield for: NEET PGINI-CETNExTFMGEUSMLEPLABMRCP

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