A study measures pain scores (0-10 scale) before and after an intervention in 10 patients. The data are not normally distributed. The appropriate test to compare pre- and post-intervention scores is:

• A Independent samples t-test
• B Mann-Whitney U test
• C Chi-square test
• D Wilcoxon signed-rank test ✓

Explanation

The data are paired (same subjects measured twice) and non-normally distributed. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is the non-parametric equivalent of the paired t-test. The independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test are for independent groups. Chi-square is for categorical data.

Reference: Mahajan's Methods in Biostatistics, 9th ed.

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