In a national health survey, some selected households refuse to participate, and interviewers incorrectly record responses. These are examples of:

• A Sampling error
• B Random error
• C Both sampling and non-sampling error
• D Non-sampling error ✓

Explanation

Non-sampling errors arise from sources other than the random selection of samples, including non-response, measurement error, data recording errors, and interviewer bias. Sampling error refers to the natural variation between a sample and the population due to chance alone. Refusal to participate and incorrect recording are classic non-sampling errors that affect data quality regardless of sample size.

Reference: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 27th ed.

High-yield for: NEET PGINI-CETNExTFMGEUSMLEPLABMRCP

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