The Kappa (κ) statistic is used to assess:

• A The strength of correlation between two continuous variables
• B The internal consistency of a questionnaire scale
• C The test-retest reliability of a quantitative measurement
• D Agreement between two observers or methods beyond chance, for categorical outcomes ✓

Explanation

Cohen's Kappa (κ) measures inter-rater agreement for categorical variables, correcting for agreement expected by chance alone. κ = (Observed agreement − Expected agreement)/(1 − Expected agreement). Values 0.41–0.60 indicate moderate agreement, 0.61–0.80 substantial, >0.80 almost perfect agreement. Pearson's r or Spearman's rho measures continuous correlation. Cronbach's alpha measures internal consistency of scales.

Reference: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 27th ed.

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