In chronic inflammation, which cell type is the PRINCIPAL source of growth factors that drive fibrosis and tissue remodeling?

• A CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
• B Mast cells
• C Natural killer cells
• D Activated macrophages (M2 phenotype) ✓

Explanation

Alternatively activated (M2) macrophages in chronic inflammation secrete fibrogenic cytokines including TGF-beta, PDGF, and FGF that stimulate fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis, driving fibrosis. They also secrete IL-10 and IL-13, dampening classical inflammation. Mast cells and T cells participate but macrophages are the central orchestrators of fibrotic remodeling.

Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 10th ed.

High-yield for: NEET PGINI-CETNExTFMGEUSMLEPLABMRCP

Written and medically reviewed by the StethoPrep medical team.