Which additional factor, independent of HPV infection, has been shown to increase the risk of cervical adenocarcinoma after prolonged use of more than five years?

• A Barrier contraception
• B Intrauterine contraceptive device
• C Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate
• D Combined oral contraceptive pills ✓

Explanation

Long-term combined oral contraceptive use beyond five years is a recognised cofactor for both squamous carcinoma and, particularly, adenocarcinoma of the cervix, acting synergistically with persistent high-risk HPV infection. The risk declines after cessation. An intrauterine device has been associated in some studies with reduced endometrial cancer risk and no established increase in cervical cancer. Depot MPA and barrier methods have no such established association.

Reference: Berek and Hacker's Gynecologic Oncology, 7th ed.

High-yield for: NEET PGINI-CETNExTFMGEUSMLEPLABMRCP

Written and medically reviewed by the StethoPrep medical team.