Olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma) arises from the olfactory neuroepithelium. The Kadish staging of esthesioneuroblastoma: Stage C is defined as:

• A Tumour confined to the nasal cavity
• B Tumour extending beyond the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses including the orbit, skull base, intracranially, or with cervical/distant metastases ✓
• C Tumour extending to the paranasal sinuses
• D Tumour with ipsilateral cervical lymph node involvement only

Explanation

Kadish staging for esthesioneuroblastoma: Stage A = tumour confined to nasal cavity; Stage B = tumour extending into one or more paranasal sinuses; Stage C = tumour beyond nasal cavity and PNS (extending into the cribriform plate, skull base, orbit, anterior cranial fossa, intracranial space) or any distant/lymph node metastasis. Modified Kadish adds Stage D for cervical or distant metastases. Stage C/D requires combined craniofacial resection and chemoradiotherapy. Hyams histological grading (I–IV) correlates with behaviour; high grade (III–IV) has poor prognosis.

Reference: Dhingra Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat, 7th ed.

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Written and medically reviewed by the StethoPrep medical team.