In psychoanalytic theory, which ego defence mechanism involves redirecting an unacceptable impulse (e.g., aggression) toward a less threatening target (e.g., kicking the dog after being scolded by a boss)?

• A Sublimation
• B Rationalisation
• C Reaction formation
• D Displacement ✓

Explanation

Displacement is a neurotic-level defence mechanism in which an impulse, affect, or conflict is redirected from the original threatening object to a safer substitute. In the classic example, aggression toward the boss (who cannot be confronted) is displaced onto a powerless target (the dog). It differs from sublimation (redirecting the impulse into a socially productive activity), reaction formation (transforming the impulse into its opposite — e.g., excessive kindness toward someone you resent), and rationalisation (providing logical but misleading justifications for unacceptable behaviour). Displacement underlies specific phobias in psychodynamic theory.

Reference: Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry, 11th ed.

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