The multi-step carcinogenesis model requires sequential acquisition of which combination of hallmark capabilities, as described in the Hanahan & Weinberg framework?

• A Self-sufficiency in growth signals and insensitivity to anti-growth signals only
• B Genome instability, inflammation, and deregulated energetics only
• C Telomerase activation and oncogene amplification only
• D Self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, tissue invasion and metastasis ✓

Explanation

The original Hanahan & Weinberg hallmarks of cancer (2000) include six core capabilities: self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion/metastasis. The 2011 revision added enabling characteristics (genome instability, tumor-promoting inflammation) and emerging hallmarks (deregulating cellular energetics, evading immune destruction).

Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 10th ed.

High-yield for: NEET PGINI-CETNExTFMGEUSMLEPLABMRCP

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