A skeletal remains case requires age estimation. Radiological examination shows the medial clavicular epiphysis is partly fused with the diaphysis. Using established standards, the MOST appropriate age range for the individual at the time of death is:

• A 12–16 years
• B 16–20 years
• C 30–40 years
• D 20–30 years ✓

Explanation

The medial (sternal) epiphysis of the clavicle is the last epiphysis to fuse in the human body. Ossification begins at approximately 16–18 years and fusion is typically complete by 25–30 years. Partial fusion at the medial clavicle indicates an age range of approximately 20–30 years, making it especially useful for distinguishing adults from minors in legal contexts (e.g., juvenile justice, immigration cases). No other epiphysis fuses this late, which gives this site special medicolegal importance.

Reference: The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (Narayan Reddy), 34th ed.

High-yield for: NEET PGINI-CETNExTFMGEUSMLEPLABMRCP

Written and medically reviewed by the StethoPrep medical team.